Planned obsolescence and smartphone replacement: Empirical evidence on the Italian market

In an era of rapid technological change, planned obsolescence has significantly shaped consumer behaviour, especially in the smartphone industry. This study examines how material, functional, psychological, and economic obsolescence affect smartphone lifespans, using original survey data from Italian consumers. While material remains relevant, its influence diminishes in newer smartphone generations, where software-related limitations and repairability gain prominence. Functional obsolescence is positively associated with device longevity, as many users tolerate performance issues, particularly those with high technological engagement. By contrast, psychological and economic obsolescence remain strong drivers of early replacement. Consumer attitudes interact with different types of obsolescence: users with higher technological engagement are more tolerant of material and functional decline, while pro-repair consumers are less likely to replace devices due to material wear. Furthermore, there is a shift in replacement behaviour over time: for older smartphones, being second-hand significantly shortens lifespan, whereas for newer devices, user behaviour, brand perceptions, and repair attitudes play a more influential role—highlighting a growing consumer awareness around sustainability and functionality. These findings provide insights for both policymakers and manufacturers, highlighting the need for sustainable business practices and robust regulatory frameworks to counteract planned obsolescence and promote longer-lasting products in an environmentally conscious market.