Trust in Moral Machines: How automation, morality, and media framing drive cross-cultural adoption of autonomous vehicles

We conducted a large-scale, tri-national experiment drawing on the Moral Machine clusters—Western individualist (U.S.), Latin-American transitional (Mexico), and East Asian collectivist (China)—to examine how autonomy level (SAE Level 2 vs. Level 5), moral programming (self-protective vs. utilitarian), and accident-severity framing (low vs. high) jointly shape performance trust in autonomous vehicles. In balanced samples of 300 respondents per country, participants were randomly assigned to one of eight conditions and then reported on performance trust, performance risk, hedonic well-being, and behavioral intentions. A robust three-way interaction predicted performance trust in all three contexts, but with opposite patterns: utilitarian framing enhanced the trust advantage of full autonomy under high-severity scenarios in the U.S. and Mexico, whereas in China it did so only when accidents were mild and undermined trust when accidents were severe. These results demonstrate that cultural worldviews condition how ethical programming and risk context interact to shape trust, offering actionable guidance for culturally sensitive AV design and policy.