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A note on blinded continuous monitoring for continuous outcomes

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  • Xu, Long-Hao
  • Friede, Tim

Abstract

Continuous monitoring is becoming more popular due to its significant benefits, including reducing sample sizes and reaching earlier conclusions. In general, it involves monitoring nuisance parameters (e.g., the variance of outcomes) until a specific condition is satisfied. The blinded method, which does not require revealing group assignments, was recommended because it maintains the integrity of the experiment and mitigates potential bias. Although Friede and Miller (2012) investigated the characteristics of blinded continuous monitoring through simulation studies, its theoretical properties are not fully explored. In this paper, we aim to fill this gap by presenting the asymptotic and finite-sample properties of the blinded continuous monitoring for continuous outcomes. Furthermore, we examine the impact of using blinded versus unblinded variance estimators in the context of continuous monitoring. Simulation results are also provided to evaluate finite-sample performance and to support the theoretical findings.

Suggested Citation

  • Xu, Long-Hao & Friede, Tim, 2026. "A note on blinded continuous monitoring for continuous outcomes," Statistics & Probability Letters, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:stapro:v:228:y:2026:i:c:s0167715225002202
    DOI: 10.1016/j.spl.2025.110575
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