Addressing women's mobility challenges in the public transportation system of Lahore, Pakistan

Gender differences affect the urban mobility patterns and travel behaviour of users. This research investigated the impediments faced by women in the public transportation system of Lahore, Pakistan. The study explores mobility using a mixed method of interviews with transport officials, visual analysis of bus stops and a questionnaire survey. A total of 624 women aged 15–29 were inquired about the accessibility, safety and affordability of public transport. The interviews with the Punjab Mass Transit Authority and Punjab Transport Company revealed the absence of gender-specific planning, route information and women safety parameters in buses. The bus stop analysis has further highlighted overcrowding, encroachment, inadequate lighting and poor maintenance. These physical barriers affect women's mobility and contribute to the gender gap in Lahore's transportation system. The results of the questionnaire analysis indicated that 31 % perceived feeder routes as the most accessible mode, while 77 % were unaware of bus routes. Ninety-nine percent did not prefer using public transport at night due to significant safety concerns. 62 % found public transport time-consuming though 33 % agreed it was very economical. 57 % expressed dissatisfaction with public transport facilities in Lahore owing to safety issues and the unavailability of connected bus routes. Moreover, multi-regression and analysis of variance tests highlighted safety as the strongest predictor of satisfaction that impacts mobility. This study emphasises the need for improved infrastructure at bus stops, updated route information, and enhanced safety measures. These recommendations promote gender equality and enhance women's mobility in Lahore's public transport system.