Measuring the university–industry–government relations synthesized by the Triple Helix and the diversity

Synthesizing the triple helix model and diversity, we introduce two novel indicators, involvement (IV) and interaction (IA), which are established upon the fusion of the triple helix concept and three extended attributes of diversity: proportion, balance, and disparity. These indicators are designed to evaluate one-dimensional involvement and two-dimensional and three-dimensional interaction within university-industry-government (U-I-G) relations. The empirical examination is conducted using two datasets related to CRISPR and fullerene, derived from the Web of Science. Our findings highlight a markedly higher level of involvement within universities compared to industries and governments, attributed to the dominant proportion of universities. We observe that different two-dimensional interactions render distinct performances on the three attributes. The interaction within U-I-G remains relatively low due to the low proportion. We further contrast IV and IA with the triple helix and transmission efficiency metrics, observing distinct differences among them. Consequently, we suggest that through the synthesis of the triple helix and diversity, IV and IA provide a more thorough understanding of involvement and interaction within U-I-G relations, and can inform strategies for their enhancement. The application of IV and IA can potentially extend to examining varying collaborative innovations within other triple or quadruple relations.