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Farmers’ perceptions on the supply and demand of nature’s contributions to people related to cocoa production in the Amazon

Author

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  • Botelho, Debora Larissa Carvalho
  • Borges, Rafael Cabral
  • Cunha, Erlane José
  • Paes da Silva, Rosa de Nazaré
  • Giannini, Tereza Cristina

Abstract

Nature’s contributions to people are the contributions that nature provides to human well-being, a useful approach to understand the relationship between humans and nature. In this study, we assess cocoa farmers’ perceptions of the supply and demand of nature’s contributions to people associated to cocoa productivity and human well-being in the Eastern Amazon. The 687 interviewed farmers highlighted the importance of nature’s contributions to people, with about 64% considering them highly important to cocoa productivity and human well-being. Farmers working in monoculture systems value these contributions more than those in agroforestry systems. Among the most valued contributions, the quantity of water stands out as the most important in terms of supply, while water, pollination, and seed dispersal are the most important considering the demand. Cocoa plays a crucial international role as a major global commodity, particularly for the chocolate industry, and a significant source of income and livelihood for millions of smallholder farmers worldwide. The perceptions of cocoa farmers presented here are fundamental for understanding rural dynamics and can help in formulating public policies that promote regional sustainable development.

Suggested Citation

  • Botelho, Debora Larissa Carvalho & Borges, Rafael Cabral & Cunha, Erlane José & Paes da Silva, Rosa de Nazaré & Giannini, Tereza Cristina, 2026. "Farmers’ perceptions on the supply and demand of nature’s contributions to people related to cocoa production in the Amazon," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ecoser:v:80:y:2026:i:c:s221204162600063x
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoser.2026.101875
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