A systematic literature review on the valuation of mountain cultural ecosystem services

Mountains offer profound cultural ecosystem services, including aesthetic enjoyment, spiritual enrichment, cultural identity, and recreational opportunities. Despite their critical importance to communities, tourists, and conservation planning, these intangible benefits are often overlooked in mainstream ecosystem service assessments. This study presents a systematic literature review synthesizing 81 peer-reviewed studies focused on the valuation of cultural ecosystem services in mountain contexts. Following the PRISMA 2020 framework, the review employed structured searches in Scopus and Web of Science, refined through rigorous screening, duplication removal, and content categorization. Studies were of two types, those directly addressing mountain-itself (n = 42) and those engaging with mountain sub-ecosystems such as forests, rivers, or agricultural landscapes (n = 39). Key findings reveal an increasing trend in cultural ecosystem services research over the past two decades, with a notable shift toward mixed-methods, participatory GIS, and visual content analysis tools. The employed valuation methods included contingent valuation, discrete choice experiments, participatory mapping, content analysis, and landscape aesthetic modeling. Geographic distribution was uneven, with research concentrated in the European Alps and some parts of Asia. Methodological heterogeneity, inconsistent terminology, and limited integration with decision-making processes were identified as persistent challenges. This review provides a visual and quantitative synthesis of valuation techniques, spatial trends, stakeholder engagement, and policy implications highlighting the need for interdisciplinary and context-specific approaches in future cultural ecosystem services valuation. The findings inform both academic discourse and applied conservation by identifying gaps, advancing methodological clarity, and reinforcing the central role of mountain landscapes in supporting human well-being.