Resilient PID control design for cyber–physical AC microgrid with multiple electric vehicle and heat pump

The penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into the present electrical grid is increasing in order to meet current consumer power demands. Although, RESs are ecologically better, however, their intermittent nature poses technical challenges for secure and reliable operation of microgrid (MG). This causes frequency deviations as a result of imbalance between generating power capacity and load demand. So, load frequency control (LFC) is essential for maintaining the system frequency at the pre-specified limits. Communication networks have been utilized in modern electricity grids are of utmost significance, although these also provided a possible vulnerability in the shape of cyber-attacks (CAs). This paper introduces artificial protozoa optimizer (APO) inspired resilient PID control design for a cyber–physical AC MG, which consists of electric vehicles (EVs) and heat pumps (HPs). The APO is a bio-inspired global optimization algorithm, which is inspired by protozoa in nature. Further, APO mimics the foraging, dormancy and reproduction behavior of protozoa. The proposed control design is assessed for efficiency and efficacy in the presence of random solar power, load demand disturbances, and CAs. Furthermore, the suggested control technique are assessed for their resilience and efficacy in the face of uncertainty and different operational time-scheduling situations under participation of the EV and HP controllers. The superiority of suggested control design is validated with the published control design approaches.