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Trade-off dynamics of predator–prey system incorporating variable carrying capacity and wind effect

Author

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  • Dai, Chuanyu
  • Wang, Qinglong
  • Liu, Zhijun
  • Yan, Qian

Abstract

In ecosystems, predators are exposed to the risk of getting injured while hunting dangerous prey. As a result, they need to make a “trade-off” between securing food and ensuring their own safety. This article aims to explore the predators’ trade-off behavior by introducing a new function that reflects predators’ loss, and establishes a two-dimensional system for prey and predator interaction concerning variable carrying capacity and wind flow. Our analysis primarily focuses on the autonomous system’s positivity and boundedness. Also, the existence and local stability of possible equilibrium points are addressed. Meanwhile, the system exhibits two kinds of bifurcation phenomena (the Hopf and transcritical bifurcations). It is worth mentioning that the seasonality in variable carrying capacity and wind flow’s fluctuation may lead to complex dynamic behavior, which drives us to thoroughly discuss the positivity, boundedness and existence of the periodic solution. Then the numerical simulations are conducted to confirm the viability of the theoretical outcomes, offering strong evidence for the practical implementation. Finally, the presence of random fluctuations modifying the dynamics of the autonomous system is also analyzed numerically.

Suggested Citation

  • Dai, Chuanyu & Wang, Qinglong & Liu, Zhijun & Yan, Qian, 2025. "Trade-off dynamics of predator–prey system incorporating variable carrying capacity and wind effect," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 199(P1).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:chsofr:v:199:y:2025:i:p1:s0960077925006071
    DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2025.116594
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