Comprehensive Nursing Care in the Management of Abdominal Sepsis: Challenges and Perspectives

Abdominal sepsis was identified as an inflammation of the peritoneum caused by pathogenic microorganisms and their products, characterized by a dysregulated immune response affecting multiple body systems. According to the literature, this condition showed high morbidity and mortality rates in vulnerable populations, such as children and the elderly, and was more prevalent in Latin America, where 49% of cases treated in Intensive Care Units proved fatal. The pathophysiology of abdominal sepsis involved contamination of the peritoneal cavity by bacteria originating from infections such as appendicitis, perforated ulcers, or cholecystitis. Its manifestations included abdominal pain, fever, tachycardia, neurological alterations, and multiple organ failure. It was classified based on its extent, causative agent, origin, and progression, with gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae being the most common. Treatment included fluid therapy, antimicrobials, and surgical control of the infectious focus. Biomarkers such as lactate and procalcitonin facilitated risk stratification and improved outcomes. Prevention focused on hygiene measures, vaccination, and early detection. The nursing role was crucial in continuous monitoring, infection management, hemodynamic stabilization, and emotional support. Watson's theory of human care and Roy's adaptation model provided frameworks for structuring comprehensive strategies that promoted the physical and emotional recovery of patients. In conclusion, abdominal sepsis represented a medical and social challenge that required joint efforts in early diagnosis, multidisciplinary treatment, and humanized care to mitigate its impact