Biomechanics and orthopodology: a comprehensive functional analysis of the foot and ankle for clinical practice

This review explores biomechanics and orthopodology as key disciplines in the study and treatment of foot and ankle pathologies. Biomechanics analyzes the structure and function of the foot during movement, identifying dysfunctions that affect gait, posture, and the kinetic chain (knee, hip, spine). Orthopodology applies this knowledge through non-surgical solutions, such as custom foot orthoses and therapeutic footwear, to correct alterations and redistribute pressure. Biomechanical assessment combines technologies such as pressure plates, 3D motion capture, and electromyography to measure parameters (force distribution, joint angles, contact time). Foot orthoses, classified as rigid, semi-rigid, and soft, are designed with advanced materials (carbon fiber, elastomers) and techniques such as 3D printing to adapt to specific pathologies (plantar fasciitis, diabetic foot). Therapeutic footwear improves stability, cushioning, and alignment, preventing injuries in conditions such as metatarsalgia and digital deformities. The integration of biomechanics and orthopaedics optimizes diagnosis and treatment, improving patients' mobility and quality of life. Technological innovations promise more precise and personalized interventions.