Nature-Based Solutions for Climate Adaptation: A Documentary Review of Progress and Challenges

Nature-Based Solutions have positioned themselves as fundamental approaches to address contemporary climate challenges, by articulating ecological processes with land management. This documentary review examines the progress and limitations in the application of these solutions for climate adaptation, analyzing scientific literature in Spanish and English indexed in Scopus during the period 2020-2025. Through a qualitative methodology, four central thematic axes were identified: the capacity of natural systems for water and thermal regulation, institutional and regulatory frameworks for their implementation, processes of social participation and environmental equity, and challenges for their expansion and financial sustainability. The results reveal that initiatives such as wetland restoration, urban ecological corridors, and vegetative coverings show significant potential for mitigating climate risks, although they face obstacles such as lack of coordination among stakeholders and limited integration into public policies. International experiences demonstrate that the success of these solutions depends on their adaptation to local contexts and on the articulation between scientific knowledge and community wisdom. The study concludes that Nature-Based Solutions require holistic approaches that surpass fragmented views, by integrating ecological, social, and political dimensions to achieve effective transformations in the face of climate change.