Waste classification practices in Peru: An analysis from Villa María del Triunfo and Latin America

In 2021, municipal management of solid waste classification practices in Villa María del Triunfo represented an ongoing challenge for local authorities. The district, one of the most densely populated in Metropolitan Lima, faced a growing generation of waste without an effective strategy for separation at source. Despite being backed by the General Law on Solid Waste, institutional efforts were limited due to a lack of infrastructure, scarce incentives, weak enforcement and minimal citizen participation. Environmental education campaigns lacked continuity and coverage, which generated mistrust in the population and discouraged household separation. In comparison with other Latin American cities such as Bogotá, São Paulo or Mexico City, the district lagged considerably behind. While these cities implemented formalised recycling systems, recycling cooperatives and educational policies, Villa María del Triunfo relied mainly on isolated initiatives by formal recyclers and NGOs. The COVID-19 pandemic worsened the situation, increasing waste generation and reducing sustainable practices for fear of contagion. However, some local experiences, such as the coordination with waste pickers' associations, showed that it was possible to move towards a participatory and sustainable management model. In conclusion, the case of Villa María del Triunfo reflected the limitations of the Peruvian waste management system but also offered concrete opportunities for improvement if institutional strengthening, environmental education and public investment were enhanced.