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Multicultural coach-athlete relationships and athlete outcomes: A longitudinal study of sustainable performance, satisfaction, and innovation

Author

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  • Rana Salman Anwar

    (Indus University)

  • Muhammad Sajjad Khan

    (Ghazi University)

Abstract

This longitudinal study examines the characteristics of expatriate coaches, athlete outcomes, Leader-Member Exchange (LMX), and perceived safety climate in multicultural sports. The study examines these dynamics to gain a deeper understanding of athlete-coach relationships and their impact on athlete satisfaction, performance, and innovation. Local Malaysian athletes and expatriate coaches in Malaysian sports centers provided six-month longitudinal data. Structural Equation Modelling was applied on 78 participants. Expat coach qualities, athlete outcomes, and LMX's moderating role in perceived safety climate are significantly correlated. Positive athlete-coach interactions and supportive coaching environments have been shown to improve athlete satisfaction, performance, and innovation. This study reveals the complex dynamics of athlete-coach relationships and highlights the significance of interpersonal and organizational climate in influencing athlete performance. For coaches, athletes, sports organizations, and governments, multicultural sports contexts necessitate relationship-building strategies and supportive coaching environments to foster athlete growth and success.

Suggested Citation

  • Rana Salman Anwar & Muhammad Sajjad Khan, 2025. "Multicultural coach-athlete relationships and athlete outcomes: A longitudinal study of sustainable performance, satisfaction, and innovation," Transformations and Sustainability, Centre for Productivity and Sustainability Analysis, vol. 1(4), pages 253-262.
    • Handle: RePEc:dbj:trasus:v:1:y:2025:i:4:p:253-262
    DOI: 10.63775/na966w62
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