Application of Cell Biology and Molecular Biology Principles in Monoclonal Vaccines and Drug Delivery Systems

Advances in cell and molecular biology have revolutionized vaccine development and drug delivery. This review explores how mechanisms such as receptor-mediated uptake, genetic engineering, and immune modulation inform the design of monoclonal antibody-based prophylactics and advanced delivery systems. We examine theoretical foundations including antigen-antibody recognition, endocytosis pathways, and techniques like phage display and mRNA vaccine platforms. Practical applications discussed include monoclonal antibodies for viral prevention and treatment, structure-based immunogens, and diverse delivery systems such as nanoparticles, antibody-drug conjugates, viral vectors, and cell-derived vesicles. Case studies, including COVID-19 mRNA vaccines and RSV-targeting antibodies, demonstrate how molecular design enhances delivery efficacy. We compare delivery platforms in terms of targeting, safety, and performance, and address current challenges such as biological barriers and regulatory complexity. Looking ahead, we highlight innovations like smart materials and synthetic biology. This review underscores how cellular and molecular principles are guiding the next generation of precise and effective medical interventions.