Cross-Cultural Characteristics of Human-Machine Parasocial Interaction and Its Impact on Social Substitution Behavior

With the rapid proliferation of intelligent agents, conversational artificial intelligence, and virtual companions, human--machine parasocial interaction has emerged as a critically important research topic in the contemporary digital era. As these technologies become increasingly anthropomorphized, users frequently develop profound, one-sided emotional attachments to machines. Crucially, cultural background fundamentally shapes how individuals perceive, trust, and engage with artificial intelligence, thereby influencing the extent to which such digital interactions might substitute for traditional, interpersonal social relationships. This study comprehensively explores the cross-cultural characteristics of human--machine parasocial interaction, meticulously examining its differentiated manifestations across various global cultural contexts. By investigating established cultural dimensions such as individualism versus collectivism and high-context versus low-context communication, the research elucidates how distinct cultural paradigms dictate user expectations, relational dynamics, and emotional investments in machines. Furthermore, it critically assesses the subsequent impact on social substitution behaviors, analyzing whether artificial intelligence companions effectively alleviate human loneliness or inadvertently exacerbate societal isolation. By integrating cultural theory, communication studies, and human--computer interaction research, this paper constructs a robust comparative framework for future empirical investigations. Ultimately, the study proposes actionable governance strategies and ethical design guidelines aimed at balancing rapid technological innovation with long-term social well-being, ensuring that artificial intelligence serves to augment rather than replace genuine human connection.