Biotechnology Evaluation of Biocompatibility and Nutritional Activity of 3D Printed Edible Materials

Biocompatibility and nutritional activity are fundamental considerations in the development and application of 3D printed edible materials. As 3D food printing technologies become more accessible and customizable, there is a growing need for systematic evaluation frameworks to ensure safety, functionality, and health benefits. This review summarizes current regulations and standards relevant to 3D printed foods, and categorizes commonly used materials, including natural polymers, synthetic biodegradable matrices, and incorporated bioactive compounds. It outlines conceptual criteria for biocompatibility, in vitro and in vivo assessment methods, and key factors influencing biological responses, such as material composition, degradation behavior, and printing parameters. Nutritional activity is discussed in terms of compositional analysis, stability of nutrients during processing, bioavailability evaluation, and the impact of structure and formulation on digestion and absorption. Particular attention is given to challenges such as heterogeneous material behavior, process-induced quality loss, and technological limitations in resolution and temperature control. The review further highlights opportunities for designing novel composite formulations, establishing multidimensional evaluation standards that integrate safety, functionality, and nutrition, and developing low-temperature or gentle printing strategies to preserve sensitive components. Overall, this work provides a structured perspective to guide the rational design, assessment, and regulation of 3D printed edible materials, supporting their safe and effective integration into future food systems.