Water crisis in Monterrey, Mexico: climate change, governance, water security, and urban resilience in sustainable management

A comprehensive analysis of the water crisis in Monterrey, Mexico, was conducted from an integrated perspective focusing on climate change, water governance, water security, and urban resilience within the context of sustainable management. The study was developed through a documentary review of scientific literature indexed in databases such as Scopus and SciELO, covering publications from 2019 to 2024. A qualitative descriptive-analytical approach was applied in order to identify key determinants, recurring patterns, and relationships among environmental, institutional, and social variables associated with water availability. The results showed that climate change increased the frequency and intensity of extreme events such as droughts and heat waves, directly affecting urban water supply and demand dynamics. Likewise, water governance was found to present structural limitations derived from institutional fragmentation and insufficient coordination among stakeholders. In terms of water security, a deterioration was observed in access, quality, and continuity of supply, particularly affecting vulnerable populations. On the other hand, urban resilience strategies, such as green infrastructure and knowledge co-production, were found to partially contribute to system adaptation, although their implementation remained limited. It was concluded that the water crisis in Monterrey resulted from the interaction of climatic, institutional, and urban factors, highlighting the need to strengthen sustainable water management models.