Packet–Optical Convergence via IP-over-OTN: Architectural, Automation, and Economic Analysis

This paper examines packet–optical convergence through IP-over-OTN architectures enhanced by Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and automation, with the objective of understanding their architectural, operational, and economic implications for modern transport networks. The study adopts a mixed-methods approach combining architectural analysis, comparative modeling, and systematic literature synthesis to evaluate differences between converged and traditional multi-layer network designs. The analysis focuses on key dimensions including protocol stack integration, control-plane programmability, automation frameworks, and multi-layer coordination mechanisms. Results indicate that packet–optical convergence enables simplified network architectures, improved end-to-end resource coordination, enhanced operational agility, and more scalable cost behavior when supported by SDN-based control and automation. The findings further highlight that the benefits of convergence emerge from the combined interaction of architectural integration, programmable control planes, and intelligent automation rather than from protocol consolidation alone. Implementation considerations related to interoperability, technology maturity, and organizational readiness are also discussed. The study contributes analytical insight into the evolving role of converged transport architectures and provides guidance for network evolution toward flexible, programmable, and automation-driven infrastructures.