A framework for transit-oriented development outcomes in Latin American cities: accessibility, land value capture and displacement

Transit-oriented development has become a central strategy for integrating public transport and land use in Latin American cities, yet the regional evidence on its outcomes remains fragmented across the accessibility, land value capture, and displacement literatures. The evidence indicates that transit corridors concentrate development and raise demand, but their accessibility benefits distribute unevenly by income, gender, and location, and that corridor investment capitalizes into land and housing prices ahead of service opening. Land value capture instruments recover only part of this uplift and their redistributive reach depends on institutional design, while displacement and gentrification remain under-measured in the region despite growing price-based evidence from São Paulo, Bogotá, and Chilean cities. Governance arrangements that link transport, land, and housing condition whether transit-oriented development produces inclusion or exclusion. The review articulates these findings into a five-component framework with testable propositions and identifies measurement and protection gaps that warrant further research.