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Demand-responsive transport in rural and low-density areas: models, costs and outcomes

Author

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  • Valdez Lizárraga, Pedro Antonio
  • pedro.valdez@uas.edu.mx

Abstract

Demand-responsive transport is proposed repeatedly as an answer to rural mobility, yet its record across service models, costs and outcomes remains fragmented. This narrative review synthesizes the empirical, evaluative and modeling literature published between 2013 and 2024 on demand-responsive transport in rural and low-density areas. The literature describes a continuum of flexibility from route deviation and feeder services to fully flexible door-to-door operations, and design choices govern both cost and uptake. Cost comparisons indicate that demand-responsive transport outperforms fixed-route services only below low demand thresholds, and financial viability depends on subsidy design and on a modest user willingness to pay. Usage outcomes show persistent weak acceptance where expectations exceed the flexibility actually delivered, while the propensity to use is higher among groups with limited car access. Demand-responsive transport is framed chiefly as an equity instrument and improves access to employment, education and services, although it does not automatically reach the most disadvantaged. Institutional continuity and earmarked funding predict service survival. The review identifies consistent gaps in long-term outcome measurement and in the integration of demand-responsive transport with wider rural mobility policy.

Suggested Citation

  • Valdez Lizárraga, Pedro Antonio & pedro.valdez@uas.edu.mx, 2024. "Demand-responsive transport in rural and low-density areas: models, costs and outcomes," SAP Transport, Mobility & Society, South American Publishing.
    • Handle: RePEc:cwf:tmsart:tms2024131
    DOI: 10.62486/tms2024131
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