Effect of Cycling on Blood Glucose Level among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and persistent hyperglycemia, leading to complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular diseases. Lifestyle modification, particularly physical activity, plays a vital role in glycemic control and the prevention of complications. Cycling, as a form of aerobic exercise, has gained attention for its potential metabolic and functional benefits in individuals with T2DM. Objective: To systematically review the effects of cycling as an aerobic exercise intervention on glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and quality of life in individuals with T2DM. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science for studies published between 2015 and 2025, following PRISMA guidelines. Keywords included “cycling,” “aerobic exercise,” “type 2 diabetes,” “blood glucose,” and “quality of life.” Only full-text, English-language studies were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Data extraction focused on HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, postprandial glucose, insulin sensitivity, and quality of life outcomes. Results: The included studies consistently demonstrated that cycling significantly improves glycemic control in individuals with T2DM. Notable reductions were observed in HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, and postprandial glucose levels. Cycling also enhanced insulin sensitivity, supported weight management, and improved peripheral circulation and physical fitness. Additionally, participants reported improvements in quality of life and functional capacity following cycling interventions. Conclusion: Cycling is an effective, accessible, and sustainable aerobic exercise for individuals with T2DM. It contributes to improved glycemic control, enhanced insulin sensitivity, better weight management, and overall quality of life. Incorporating cycling into routine care may serve as a valuable non-pharmacological strategy for T2DM management.