Nutrition and periodontal diseases in preschool children

Periodontal diseases affect not only adults but also preschool children, and are influenced by factors such as oral hygiene and nutritional habits. A literature review was conducted to analyze the relationship between nutrition and periodontal diseases in preschool children, the main dietary risk factors, the pathophysiological mechanisms involved, and intervention strategies. The research process employed documentary analysis, a systems approach, historical-logical analysis, analytical-synthetic analysis, and inductive-deductive reasoning. A total of 25 international, national, and regional publications were reviewed. Malnutrition, especially acute malnutrition, increases the risk of severe gingival inflammation, bacterial plaque, and bleeding gums, while a balanced diet rich in vitamins C, D, A, B complex, and minerals such as calcium, iron, and zinc strengthens periodontal health. Excessive consumption of refined sugars and saturated fats promotes bacterial biofilm formation and chronic inflammation. Essential nutrient deficiencies weaken oral tissues and increase susceptibility to infections. Nutrition plays a crucial role in the periodontal health of preschool children. Poor nutrition significantly influences the development of early periodontal disease in preschool children, primarily through inflammatory mechanisms and immune system alterations. A balanced diet, rich in essential micronutrients and low in processed sugars, is key to preventing gingivitis and other periodontal conditions in preschool children.