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Accuracy of automated cephalometric landmark detection with artificial intelligence: a systematic review

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  • Jimenez, Melissa Castillo
  • melissacj981223@gmail.com
  • Guerra Reyes, Maylon Felix
  • guerramaylon6@gmail.com

Abstract

Introduction: Cephalometric analysis depends on manual landmark identification, which is time-consuming and observer-dependent. Artificial intelligence has been proposed to automate this step, but reported accuracy varies. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020, PubMed, OpenAlex, and Crossref were searched for studies published from 2018 to 2025 that evaluated artificial intelligence models for cephalometric landmark detection against manual annotation. Risk of bias was assessed with QUADAS-2. Results: Forty-three studies were included, most using convolutional neural networks on lateral cephalograms. Mean radial error ranged from 0.62 mm to 2.67 mm across studies, and success detection rate at a 2 mm threshold ranged from 26.8% to 97.3%. Conclusions: Artificial intelligence detects cephalometric landmarks with clinically acceptable mean radial error in most studies, but success detection rate at the 2 mm threshold remains heterogeneous and varies with landmark and dataset. External validation on clinical cohorts is still scarce.

Suggested Citation

  • Jimenez, Melissa Castillo & melissacj981223@gmail.com & Guerra Reyes, Maylon Felix & guerramaylon6@gmail.com, 2025. "Accuracy of automated cephalometric landmark detection with artificial intelligence: a systematic review," SAP Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry, South American Publishing.
    • Handle: RePEc:cwf:aidart:aid202519
    DOI: 10.62486/aid202519
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