Impact of Courtyard on the Classroom Thermal Environment in the Primary Schools in Dhaka

Primary school buildings in Dhaka are commonly designed with a strong emphasis on classroom functionality, while the influence of architectural elements that affect the indoor thermal environment—such as courtyards—remains insufficiently explored. Consequently, many school buildings do not effectively utilize courtyards as passive design strategies to enhance thermal comfort and natural ventilation within learning spaces. Ensuring a thermally comfortable indoor environment is particularly important for children’s health, concentration, and overall well-being, as students spend extended periods inside classrooms during their formative years. This study aims to evaluate the contribution of courtyards to the thermal performance of primary school classrooms and to assess their significance in contemporary school design. The research focuses on comparing the thermal conditions of classrooms located adjacent to courtyards with those in buildings that lack such spatial configurations. A mixed-method research approach was employed. Quantitative data were collected through on-site environmental measurements, using instruments such as thermometers and hygrometers to record indoor temperature and relative humidity levels in selected classrooms. In addition, a qualitative investigation was conducted through questionnaire surveys involving 266 primary school students from four selected schools in Dhaka, aimed at assessing students’ perceptions and comfort levels regarding classroom thermal conditions. The findings demonstrate a significant relationship between the presence of courtyards and improved thermal comfort in classrooms. The measurement results indicate relatively lower indoor temperatures and enhanced natural ventilation in courtyard-oriented classrooms. These outcomes were further supported by students’ responses, which reflected higher levels of perceived thermal comfort and improved learning conditions. Conversely, classrooms without courtyards were more frequently associated with higher indoor temperatures and less comfortable thermal environments. The study identifies the courtyard as a critical spatial component that contributes to improved thermal performance in school buildings. Incorporating courtyards into primary school design can reduce indoor heat stress and promote healthier and more comfortable learning environments. The findings provide valuable insights for architects and planners and contribute to the ongoing discourse on climate-responsive and child-centered school design in Bangladesh and other regions with similar hot-humid climatic conditions.