Economic aspects of projects based on the Internet of Things

The aim of this study was to examine how the implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies influences economic performance by evaluating their effects on efficiency, cost reduction, and the transformation of business processes. The methodology relied on theoretical analysis of scientific sources, content analysis of technical descriptions, comparative evaluation of corporate cases, and sector-specific analytical approaches. The results showed that the IoT provides a substantial and stable increase in efficiency across sectors. In industry, digitalisation reaches 57.5%, manual actions decrease by 40-60%, and labour costs fall by about 25%. Predictive maintenance lowers unplanned downtime by 25-35% and raises productivity by 20-30%. In logistics, intelligent routing reduces transportation costs by 10-25% and delivery time by 20-25%. In agriculture, drones and sensors cut agrochemical use by 30-45% and water consumption by up to 90%, with yields increasing by 15-30%. In the energy sector, smart meters reduce electricity consumption by 2.5-3.5% and Smart Grid systems reduce network losses by 15-25%. At the macro level, the digital economy in Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development countries grew 2.5 times faster than gross domestic product, while a 10-percentage-point increase in IoT connectivity raised total factor productivity by 0.23 percentage points. The study also identified barriers to implementation, including limited interoperability, missing standards, security risks, a shortage of specialists, unstable regulation and high investment and operating costs with uncertain returns. Enterprises and public institutions to improve efficiency and optimise resource use can apply the results