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Race, Dehumanization, and the NFL National Anthem Protests

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  • Utych, Stephen M.

Abstract

Dehumanizing language, or language used to describe human beings as non-human entities, is increasingly prevalent in political life. This dehumanization also occurs frequently in the world of sports. Sports and politics intersected notably in 2016, when Colin Kaepernick of the NFL’s San Francisco 49ers started protesting the national anthem to raise awareness about police violence against African-Americans. Kaepernick’s protests generated considerable vitriol towards him and other protesters, some of which was dehumanizing. In this study, I examine how dehumanizing language used against anthem protesters of different races influences political attitudes. Using experimental data, I find that, when a Black player protesting the national anthem is dehumanized, White citizens are considerably less supportive of the anthem protests and protesters. This effect does not persist when the dehumanized player is White.

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  • Utych, Stephen M., 2022. "Race, Dehumanization, and the NFL National Anthem Protests," Journal of Experimental Political Science, Cambridge University Press, vol. 9(1), pages 88-103, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:cup:jexpos:v:9:y:2022:i:1:p:88-103_7
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