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Gender, Race, and Migrant Labor in the “Domestic Frontier” of the Panama Canal Zone

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  • Flores-Villalobos, Joan

Abstract

The cover of Maid in Panama depicts a West Indian higgler as a “mammy.” Her skin is an exaggerated ink-black, her body is large, her face round, and she wears a servant's uniform, including headscarf and apron. The higgler walks across an open field carrying a tray of tropical fruits on her head, with a background of palm trees, a placid river, and fluffy clouds.

Suggested Citation

  • Flores-Villalobos, Joan, 2021. "Gender, Race, and Migrant Labor in the “Domestic Frontier” of the Panama Canal Zone," International Labor and Working-Class History, Cambridge University Press, vol. 99, pages 96-121, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:cup:ilawch:v:99:y:2021:i::p:96-121_9
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