From Fallen Leaves to Soil Nourishment: Microbial Conversion of Dry Leaves into Organic Fertilizer

Dry leaves are generated in large quantities in residential areas, roadsides, parks, agricultural lands, and public spaces, and are often treated as waste. Improper disposal practices, including open burning of dry leaves, contribute to air pollution, smoke generation, and loss of valuable organic resources that could otherwise enhance soil fertility. Sustainable utilization of this biodegradable waste is therefore essential for effective waste management and environmental protection. The aim of the present study is to develop an eco-friendly organic fertilizer from dry leaves through bio-logical treatment and microbial activation. The objectives include the collection and processing of dry leaves, enrichment with organic additives such as cow dung, Neem leaf powder, and Moringa (drumstick) leaf powder as a natural source of calcium, maintenance of a balanced nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) composition, and enhancement of beneficial microbial activity to accelerate decomposition and improve nutrient availability. The prepared fertilizer is intended for soil application to support plant growth, restore soil nutrients, and reduce envi-ronmental pollution associated with dry leaf disposal. The results indicate that microbial treatment significantly improves the decomposition rate of dry leaves and enhances organic matter content and nutrient release. Application of the fertilizer improves soil struc-ture, microbial activity, and overall soil fertility while reducing dry leaf waste and associated pollution. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a sustainable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly ap-proach to converting dry leaf waste into a valuable organic fertilizer, promoting waste recycling, pollution control, and sustainable soil and ecosystem management.