Green-Synthesized Biocompatible Nanocatalysts for Sustainable Organic Transformations

The development of efficient, environmentally benign, and reusable catalysts is an important requirement for advancing sustainable organic synthesis. In the present study, green-synthesized biocompatible nanocatalysts were evaluated for their catalytic performance in representative organic transformations, including 4-nitrophenol reduction, benzyl alcohol oxidation, Suzuki–Miyaura C–C coupling, and multicomponent condensation. The catalytic performance was assessed through conversion, product yield, selectivity, turnover number (TON), turnover frequency (TOF), reaction kinetics, catalyst recovery, and recyclability. The 4-nitrophenol reduction exhibited the highest catalytic performance, with a rate constant of 2.45 × 10⁻² min⁻¹ and an excellent correlation coefficient (R² = 0.998), while the calculated activation energy was 34.25 kJ mol⁻¹. The catalyst demonstrated high selectivity toward the desired products, exceeding 98% for 4-nitrophenol reduction, 97% for benzyl alcohol oxidation, 96% for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling, and 97% for multicomponent condensation. The corresponding TON values were 100, 95, 92, and 94, while TOF values were 300.3, 95.0, 46.0, and 62.7 h⁻¹, respectively. The catalyst also maintained high catalytic performance during repeated use, with conversion decreasing only from 98% to 94% and product yield from 96% to 92% after five consecutive cycles.