Wetlands in Bihar: a comprehensive analysis of extent socio-economic significance, ecological benefits, and associated risks

Bihar, situated in the eastern part of India, possesses a repository of 21,998 wetlands, covering an extensive area of 403,209 hectares. These wetlands, known for their ecological richness, have a crucial role in offering a wide range of ecological services. Their diverse functions, which include hydrological processes like recharging and discharging groundwater, controlling floods, and regulating water flow, highlight their importance. However, there has been a lack of comprehensive research on wetlands of Bihar, State. This paper provides a thorough analysis of Bihar's wetlands. It also explores the social and environmental benefits that they provide, highlighting their pivotal role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium and local economies of the region. Furthermore, this paper dissects the various threats faced by these wetlands, stemming from human activities and environmental changes. In addition to the ecological perspective, this study investigates the socio-economic conditions of communities living near these invaluable wetlands. It critically assesses their reliance on wetland resources and the consequences of wetland degradation on their well-being.