Monroe Doctrine 2.0 vs “Community of Shared Future†in Latin America

This article analyzes the transformation of Latin America’s geopolitical landscape between 2001 and 2026 and the evolution of U.S. – China competition in the region. The study seeks to determine how China’s gradual expansion in trade, investment, infrastructure, energy, digital technologies, and institutional dialogue has changed the parameters of traditional U.S. influence in the Western Hemisphere. Using a problem- chronological approach, the article traces the main stages of China’s advance, from the commodity and trade linkage of the early 2000s to the investment, technological, and security-sensitive agenda of the mid-2020s. It argues that the decline of U.S. attention after 9/11 created a window of opportunity for China to consolidate its position in energy, digital technologies, healthcare, and institutional engagement with Latin American and Caribbean states. Particular attention is paid to Beijing’s strategic perception of the region, as reflected in the PRC’s 2025 White Paper, and to Washington’s response within the logic of Monroe Doctrine 2.0. The article concludes that by spring 2026 Latin America had become a space of geopolitical demarcation, where the United States intensified military-political pressure, China retained advantages in several economic and technological sectors, and regional states increasingly relied on strategic hedging.