The Contribution Of Protected Natural Areas To The Economic Development Of Local Communities

The transition of global environmental policies during the 2020–2026 period, marked by the adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and the 30x30 Target, requires a re-evaluation of the role of protected natural areas (PNAs) from the restrictive paradigm of "fortress conservation" toward the Complex Adaptive Socio-Ecological Systems (SES) model. This paper performs a systematic literature review aimed at evaluating the causal impact of PNAs on rural household wealth, analyzing the efficiency of economic transfer mechanisms (ecotourism, green jobs, PES/NbS schemes), and identifying territorial governance models that maximize the dual success rate (ecological sustainability and socioeconomic development). The research applies PRISMA 2020 guidelines to a corpus of indexed international publications (Web of Science, google Schoolar, ScienceDirect) and intergovernmental reports (World Bank, IPBES, UNEP-WCMC) from the 2020–2026 timeframe. Findings disprove the hypothesis that PNAs inherently cause local impoverishment. At the microeconomic level, households in participatorily managed buffer zones record an increase in the asset index and a 12–18% reduction in child malnutrition. Although ecotourism offers a high multiplier coefficient (1.6–2.4), the presence of exogenous operators generates external capital leakage of up to 60–70%, a phenomenon mitigated by Community-Based Tourism (CBT). The transition toward green jobs stimulates the economic inclusion of rural women. The critical determinant of results is the institutional architecture: co-governance and community-led models (IPLC-led) achieve a dual success rate of 56%, compared to only 16% in the case of centralized (top-down) management. Governance architecture represents the essential moderating variable in the functionality of PNAs as vectors of regional development. Policy makers are advised to formally institutionalize co-governance, expand the legislative framework for mandatory national Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes, stimulate local entrepreneurship, and create territorial brands designed for commercializing value-added products.