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Gender Differences in Business Record Keeping and Planning: Evidence from Informal Enterprises in Iraq

Author

Listed:
  • Gholipour Hassan F.

    (School of Business, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia)

  • Goodell John W.

    (College of Business, The University of Akron, Akron, USA)

  • Cheratian Iman
  • Goltabar Saleh

    (Economics Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran)

  • Lahmar Oumaima

    (Department of Management, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy)

Abstract

Business record keeping, along with business planning, are foundational steps in businesses moving from informal stature to contributing to the capitalization of assets. Thus, the transitioning of informal businesses to business record keeping and planning is significant for economic development. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there is a relationship between the gender of informal business owners and their engagement in business record keeping and planning in an emerging economy. We take advantage of a unique data set on informal enterprises in Iraq to show that women, versus male, leaders of informal businesses are more likely to adopt business record keeping and formal business planning. Following the foundational theories of Max Weber (Gerth and Mills 2014), we attribute our results to groups that are excluded from dominant relationship networks relying more on rational bureaucracy. Results will be of great interest to scholars and policymakers interested in the impacts of gender differences on financial development.

Suggested Citation

  • Gholipour Hassan F. & Goodell John W. & Cheratian Iman & Goltabar Saleh & Lahmar Oumaima, 2023. "Gender Differences in Business Record Keeping and Planning: Evidence from Informal Enterprises in Iraq," Review of Middle East Economics and Finance, De Gruyter, vol. 19(3), pages 187-208, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:bpj:rmeecf:v:19:y:2023:i:3:p:187-208:n:1
    DOI: 10.1515/rmeef-2023-0017
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    informal enterprises; gender differences in business; women as leaders; economic development;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • Z10 - Other Special Topics - - Cultural Economics - - - General
    • D01 - Microeconomics - - General - - - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles
    • D14 - Microeconomics - - Household Behavior - - - Household Saving; Personal Finance
    • D21 - Microeconomics - - Production and Organizations - - - Firm Behavior: Theory

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