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The Effect of Economic Vulnerability on Protest Participation in the National Football League

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  • David Niven

Abstract

Objectives What distinguishes between National Football League (NFL) players who participated in protests during the National Anthem and those who did not? Does the finding of a personal vulnerability constraint in high‐risk activism apply to this relatively elite population? Methods Protest participation during 2017 was determined for every NFL player, along with several variables pertaining to their performance, compensation, and the political atmosphere of their team. Results Bivariate and multivariate tests both reveal that protest participation was far greater among players with large guaranteed contracts and among players who were well regarded for their performance. Conclusions Economic vulnerability ranges widely within the NFL such that players hold contracts offering guaranteed payments of anywhere between $92 million and nothing at all. The data here suggest that the personal vulnerability constraint documented in protest participation research also applies to this unique population of high‐profile people engaged in a most high‐profile protest. Documenting the existence of these constraints helps offer a more systematic foundation to our understanding of political activism behavior among athletes.

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  • David Niven, 2019. "The Effect of Economic Vulnerability on Protest Participation in the National Football League," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 100(4), pages 997-1008, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:socsci:v:100:y:2019:i:4:p:997-1008
    DOI: 10.1111/ssqu.12630
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Justin L. Davis & Andy Fodor & Michael E. Pfahl & Jason Stoner, 2014. "Team interdependence and turnover: evidence from the NFL," American Journal of Business, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 29(3/4), pages 276-292, September.
    2. Salamon, Lester M. & Van Evera, Stephen, 1973. "Fear, Apathy, and Discrimination: A Test of Three Explanations of Political Participation," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 67(4), pages 1288-1306, December.
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    Cited by:

    1. Betina Cutaia Wilkinson & Melissa R. Michelson & Alexis Webster, 2021. "Sports elites, counter‐stereotypical statements, and immigration attitudes," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 102(6), pages 2996-3006, November.
    2. Christopher Jepsen & Lisa K. Jepsen, 2023. "Taking a Knee: Effect of NFL Player Protests on Subsequent Employment and Earnings," Journal of Economics, Race, and Policy, Springer, vol. 6(3), pages 187-199, September.

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