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Resilience capacity of contemporary Russian Arctic cities: Methodological approaches and quantitative assessments

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  • Alexander Pilyasov
  • Varvara Molodtsova

Abstract

The research question of the paper is how to utilize ecosystem studies to refresh our research of the contemporary Russian Arctic cities, to deepen our understanding of the difference between resilient and sustainable cities, and to create a methodological approach to measure the resilience capacity of the Arctic cities. The paper describes three main stages‐directions of the latest study of the Arctic cities: (i) Arctic urbanization as a global phenomenon; (ii) emphasis on the internal structure of the Arctic city; and (iii) analysis and assessment of the viability and sustainability of Arctic cities. The most important lesson of Soviet studies of the Arctic is the need for a holistic view of the ecosystems of the polar regions, overcoming the temptation to reduce to only one, even a powerful, factor, for example, climate change. Following this methodology, the authors propose a comprehensive approach to assessing the viability of a sample of the 29 largest Arctic cities in Russia, including three blocks of nine indicators covering the external location of the city, internal spatial structure, and structural flexibility of the urban system. As the result of aggregation of three blocks of indicators, an integral index of the viability (resilience capacity) of the Arctic cities to external natural and social crises has been proposed. According to the value of this integral index of vitality, modern Russian Arctic cities are colossally different in the strength of their external position, in the degree of diversity of their spatial and economic structure, in the degree of flexibility of the urban system. Old‐developed cities of the European North like Arkhangelsk, Severodvinsk and Onega have the best positions. They are followed by the large Soviet port and industrial centre of Murmansk and most of the single‐industry cities in the Murmansk Oblast, and then by the monoprofile cities of Yamal‐Nenets autonomous okrug and the capital of Nenets autonomous okrug Naryan‐Mar. The list is by large, by Arctic standards, single‐industry cities of the Asian Arctic—Norilsk, Nadym, Dudinka and the administrative centre of the Chukotka autonomous okrug Anadyr, which all have the worst positions in terms of resilience capacity. The paradox of our approach to assessing the viability of Russia's Arctic cities is that the further an Arctic city is from the classical canons of a Soviet industrial city, the more resilient it is. La pregunta de investigación del artículo es cómo utilizar los estudios de los ecosistemas para actualizar nuestra investigación sobre las ciudades rusas contemporáneas del Ártico, con el fin de profundizar en nuestra comprensión de la diferencia entre ciudades resilientes y sostenibles, y para crear un enfoque metodológico para medir la capacidad de resiliencia de las ciudades del Ártico. El artículo describe tres grandes etapas‐direcciones del último estudio de las ciudades del Ártico: (i) la urbanización del Ártico como fenómeno global; (ii) el énfasis en la estructura interna de la ciudad del Ártico; y (iii) el análisis y la evaluación de la viabilidad y la sostenibilidad de las ciudades del Ártico. La lección más importante de los estudios soviéticos sobre el Ártico es la necesidad de una visión holística de los ecosistemas de las regiones polares, que supere la tentación de reducirla a un solo factor, incluso poderoso, como por ejemplo el cambio climático. Siguiendo esta metodología, los autores proponen un enfoque integral para evaluar la viabilidad de una muestra de las 29 mayores ciudades árticas de Rusia, que incluye tres bloques de nueve indicadores que abarcan la ubicación externa de la ciudad, la estructura espacial interna y la flexibilidad estructural del sistema urbano. Como resultado de la agregación de los tres bloques de indicadores, se ha propuesto un índice integral de la viabilidad (capacidad de resiliencia) de las ciudades del Ártico ante crisis naturales y sociales externas. Según el valor de este índice integral de vitalidad, las ciudades rusas modernas del Ártico son inmensamente diferentes en la fortaleza de su posición exterior, en el grado de diversidad de su estructura espacial y económica, y en el grado de flexibilidad del sistema urbano. Las ciudades más antiguas del norte de Europa, como Arkhangelsk, Severodvinsk y Onega, ocupan las mejores posiciones. Les siguen el gran centro portuario e industrial soviético de Murmansk y la mayoría de las ciudades monoindustriales del Óblast de Murmansk, y luego las ciudades monoindustriales del distrito autónomo de Yamal‐Nenets y Naryan‐Mar, la capital del distrito autónomo de Nenets. En la lista figuran, en gran medida, las ciudades con una única industria del Ártico asiático, como Norilsk, Nadym, Dudinka y Anadyr, el centro administrativo del distrito autónomo de Chukotka, que ocupan las peores posiciones en cuanto a capacidad de resiliencia. La paradoja de nuestro enfoque para evaluar la viabilidad de las ciudades rusas del Ártico es que las ciudades del Ártico son más resilientes cuanto más se alejan de los cánones clásicos de una ciudad industrial soviética. 本稿の研究課題は、我々の現代のロシア北極圏の都市研究を一新するため、回復力のある都市と持続可能な都市の違いについての理解を深めるため、そして北極圏都市の回復力を測定する方法を創出するために、どのように生態系研究を利用するかということである。本稿では、北極圏都市に関する最新の研究の3つの主要な段階と方向性について述べる。すなわち、1)世界的な現象としての北極の都市化、2)北極圏都市の内部構造の重視、3)北極圏都市の成長可能性及び持続可能性の分析及び評価、である。ソ連時代の北極研究から得られた最も重要な教訓は、北極圏の生態系の全体論的な視野の必要性であり、たとえば気候変動のような強力なものでもよいから、要因を一つにまで減らすという誘惑を克服するということである。この方法論に従って、都市の外部位置、内部空間構造、および都市システムの構造的柔軟性をカバーする9つの指標の3つのブロックを含む、ロシアにおける北極圏の29の大都市をサンプルとして、成長可能性を評価する包括的アプローチを提案する。3つの指標のブロックを集約した結果から、自然や社会的な外生的な危機に対する北極圏の都市の成長可能性(回復能力)の統合的な指標が提案された。この統合的な指標の値によれば、現代のロシアの北極圏の都市の外部位置の強さ、空間的・経済的構造の多様性、都市システムの柔軟性の程度は、都市によって大きく異なっている。アルハンゲリスク、セヴェロドビンスク、オネガなど、ヨーロッパ北部の古い都市が優位である。旧ソビエト時代の大規模な港湾都市で工業の中心地であるムルマンスク、ムルマンスク州のほとんどの単一産業都市、ヤマロ・ネネツ自治管区やネネツ自治管区の首都ナリアン・マルなどの単一都市がそれらに次いで優位である。また、北極基準で見ると、アジアの北極地方の単一産業都市であるノリルスク、ナディム、ドゥディンカ、チュクチ自治管区の行政中心地であるアナディル、これらはすべて、回復力の点で最下位にある。本稿のロシアの北極圏の都市の成長可能性を評価する方法から、逆説的に、北極圏の都市が旧ソ連の工業都市の古典的基準から離れているほど、その回復力は高いという結果が示された。

Suggested Citation

  • Alexander Pilyasov & Varvara Molodtsova, 2022. "Resilience capacity of contemporary Russian Arctic cities: Methodological approaches and quantitative assessments," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 14(1), pages 99-126, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:rgscpp:v:14:y:2022:i:1:p:99-126
    DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12409
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Vladimir Leksin & Boris Porfiryev, 2017. "Socio-Economic Priorities for the Sustainable Development of Russian Arctic Macro-Region," Economy of region, Centre for Economic Security, Institute of Economics of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, vol. 1(4), pages 985-1004.
    2. Konstantin Axenov & Alisa Timoshina & Alexandra Zemlyanova, 2020. "Commercial redevelopment of industrial and residential periphery of Russian metropolis: St. Petersburg, 1989–2017," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 12(4), pages 705-722, August.
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