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Promoting Citizens' Policy Compliance Willingness Through Adjusting the Psychological Distance Toward Policy Tools

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  • Jinfeng Zhang
  • Minjie Song

Abstract

Previous studies have primarily focused on the objective characteristics of policy tools while overlooking the influence of citizens' psychological construction of those tools on their effectiveness in promoting policy compliance. Construal level theory posits that individuals' response to an event or object depends on how they mentally construe it, which is shaped by the psychological distance they perceive. Drawing on this theoretical insight, this study examines whether and how citizen perceived psychological distance (including temporal, spatial, social, and hypothetical distance) toward policy tools of reward and punishment affects their effectiveness in encouraging compliance willingness. Through four survey experiments conducted in the context of China's waste‐sorting policy, the findings revealed that: (1) overall, reward was more effective than punishment in promoting compliance willingness; (2) when reward was perceived as psychologically proximal, its effect on compliance was significantly stronger than when it was perceived as distant, whereas the effect of punishment remained almost unaffected by psychological distance; and (3) as psychological distance increased, the relative advantage of reward over punishment disappeared. These findings reveal that the effectiveness of reward and punishment is influenced by the citizens' psychological construal of them, therefore offering a psychological approach beyond instrument‐level adjustments for enhancing the effectiveness of policy tools in promoting citizen compliance. 现有研究主要关注政策工具的客观特征,却忽视了公民对这些工具的心理建构如何影响其促进政策遵从的有效性。解释水平理论认为,个体对事件或对象的反应取决于其心理建构方式,而这种建构方式受感知到的心理距离影响。基于这一理论视角,本研究探讨了公民对奖惩类政策工具感知的心理距离(包括时间、空间、社会和假设距离)如何影响这些工具提升遵从意愿的有效性。通过针对中国垃圾分类政策开展的四项调查实验,研究发现:(1)总体而言,奖励在促进遵从意愿方面比惩罚更有效;(2)当奖励被感知为心理距离较近时,其对遵从意愿的促进作用显著强于被感知为心理距离较远时,而惩罚的效应则几乎不受心理距离的影响;(3)随着心理距离的增加,奖励相对于惩罚的优势随之消失。这些发现表明,奖惩措施的有效性受到公民对其心理建构的影响;因此,若要提升政策工具促进公民遵从的效果,除了调整工具本身的属性外,还应考虑心理层面的因素。 Estudios previos se han centrado principalmente en las características objetivas de las herramientas políticas, pasando por alto la influencia de la construcción psicológica que los ciudadanos hacen de dichas herramientas en su eficacia para promover el cumplimiento de las políticas. La teoría del nivel de construcción postula que la respuesta de un individuo ante un evento u objeto depende de cómo lo construye mentalmente, lo cual está determinado por la distancia psicológica que percibe. Partiendo de esta perspectiva teórica, este estudio examina si la distancia psicológica percibida por los ciudadanos (incluidas la distancia temporal, espacial, social e hipotética) hacia las herramientas políticas de recompensa y castigo afecta su eficacia para fomentar la disposición al cumplimiento, y de qué manera lo hace. Mediante cuatro experimentos de encuesta realizados en el contexto de la política de clasificación de residuos de China, los resultados revelaron que: (1) en general, la recompensa fue más eficaz que el castigo para promover la disposición al cumplimiento; (2) cuando la recompensa se percibía como psicológicamente cercana, su efecto sobre el cumplimiento era significativamente mayor que cuando se percibía como distante, mientras que el efecto del castigo permaneció prácticamente inalterado por la distancia psicológica; y (3) a medida que aumentaba la distancia psicológica, la ventaja relativa de la recompensa sobre el castigo desaparecía. Estos hallazgos revelan que la efectividad de las recompensas y los castigos está influenciada por la interpretación psicológica que los ciudadanos hacen de ellos, ofreciendo así un enfoque psicológico que va más allá de los ajustes a nivel instrumental para mejorar la efectividad de las herramientas políticas en la promoción del cumplimiento ciudadano.

Suggested Citation

  • Jinfeng Zhang & Minjie Song, 2026. "Promoting Citizens' Policy Compliance Willingness Through Adjusting the Psychological Distance Toward Policy Tools," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 43(4), July.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:revpol:v:43:y:2026:i:4:n:e70122
    DOI: 10.1111/ropr.70122
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