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NGOs As Regulatory Intermediaries: Risks of Capture in Policy Implementation

Author

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  • Rongzhen Ma
  • Wai‐Hang Yee

Abstract

Involving regulatory intermediaries (RIs) such as nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) enriches participation in regulatory policy implementation. However, it also exposes the regulatory system to new forms of capture. Through a perspective of social and institutional embeddedness, the study investigates regulatory capture through NGO‐RIs. Examing outcomes of the regulatory system of China's Environmental Public Interest Litigation (EPIL) with in‐depth interviews and a fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis, the study found that regulatory systems intermediated by NGO‐RIs were likely captured when the regulatory targets had strong political ties, or when strongly‐tied NGO‐RIs intermediated locally or in non‐local jurisdiction with weak judicial institutions. The findings show that both social and institutional dynamics independently or jointly shape a regulatory system's susceptibility to capture through NGO‐RIs. They call for stronger attention to socio‐institutional contexts in implementation design. They also underscore the need to strengthen intermediary autonomy and the institutional foundation for effective intermediated regulatory implementation. 引入非政府组织(NGO)等监管中介机构(RI)能够丰富公众参与监管政策实施的过程。然而,这也使监管体系面临新的俘获风险。本研究从社会和制度嵌入的视角出发,探讨了非政府组织监管中介机构(NGO‐RI)的监管俘获问题。通过深度访谈和模糊集定性比较分析,本研究考察了中国环境公益诉讼监管体系的实施情况。研究发现,当监管对象具有强大的政治关系,或者关系密切的非政府组织监管中介机构在本地或司法体系薄弱的异地司法管辖区开展监管工作时,由非政府组织监管中介机构主导的监管体系更容易被俘获。研究结果表明,社会和制度动态因素会独立或共同影响监管体系被非政府组织监管中介机构俘获的倾向。研究呼吁在监管实施设计中更加重视社会制度背景,并强调需要加强中介机构的自主性和制度基础,以确保有效的监管实施. La participación de intermediarios regulatorios (IR), como las organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG), enriquece la participación en la implementación de políticas regulatorias. Sin embargo, también expone el sistema regulatorio a nuevas formas de captura. Desde una perspectiva de integración social e institucional, este estudio investiga la captura regulatoria a través de los IR de las ONG. Mediante entrevistas en profundidad y un análisis comparativo cualitativo de conjuntos difusos, se examinaron los resultados del sistema regulatorio de litigios de interés público ambiental (EPIL) de China. El estudio encontró que los sistemas regulatorios con intermediación de IR de las ONG eran propensos a la captura cuando los objetivos regulatorios tenían fuertes vínculos políticos, o cuando los IR de las ONG con fuertes vínculos actuaban como intermediarios a nivel local o en jurisdicciones no locales con instituciones judiciales débiles. Los hallazgos demuestran que tanto la dinámica social como la institucional, de forma independiente o conjunta, configuran la susceptibilidad de un sistema regulatorio a la captura a través de los IR de las ONG. Estos hallazgos exigen una mayor atención a los contextos socioinstitucionales en el diseño de la implementación. Asimismo, subrayan la necesidad de fortalecer la autonomía de los intermediarios y la base institucional para una implementación regulatoria intermediada eficaz.

Suggested Citation

  • Rongzhen Ma & Wai‐Hang Yee, 2026. "NGOs As Regulatory Intermediaries: Risks of Capture in Policy Implementation," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 43(4), July.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:revpol:v:43:y:2026:i:4:n:e70121
    DOI: 10.1111/ropr.70121
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