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Non‐Members in a Tight Spot: How Norway Navigated Autonomy in EU Pandemic Management

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  • Sjoerd Alexander de Winter

Abstract

This study offers new insights into how closely integrated non‐member states navigate tensions between autonomy and dependence when urgent policy responses are required within complex supranational frameworks. It does so by exploring how these non‐members exercise their “wriggle room”—a tailored sub‐category of the broader concept of autonomy—during crises, focusing on Norway's unexpected involvement in EU vaccine procurement as the largest European Economic Area state. Employing an actor‐centered institutionalist framework and building on semi‐structured qualitative interviews and document analysis, the paper examines how Norwegian institutions, constrained by and depending on EU structures, leveraged strategic diplomatic efforts to navigate policy‐shaping challenges and maximize autonomy in crisis‐struck times. Findings highlight perceived challenges caused by non‐membership, and actor‐level strategic responses to mitigate these, with the case study underscoring how Norway exploited bilateral relations to enhance influence despite institutional limitations. By emphasizing the balance between asserting national autonomy and fostering supranational cooperation during crises, revealing nuances in non‐member engagement strategies, the study contributes to the literature on autonomy, EU crisis management, European integration, and European public policy‐making. 本研究深入探讨了紧密融入欧盟的非成员国如何在复杂的超国家框架内应对紧急政策挑战时,平衡自主与依赖之间的矛盾。研究着重分析了这些非成员国在危机期间如何运用其“回旋余地”(自主概念的一个子类别),并以欧洲经济区最大成员国挪威意外参与欧盟疫苗采购为例进行分析。本文采用以行动者为中心的制度主义框架,并结合半结构化定性访谈和文献分析,考察了挪威机构如何在受欧盟结构制约和依赖的情况下,利用战略外交努力应对政策制定挑战,并在危机时期最大限度地发挥自主性。研究结果强调了非成员国身份带来的挑战,以及为缓解这些挑战而采取的行动者层面的战略应对措施。案例研究突出了挪威如何在制度限制下利用双边关系增强自身影响力。本研究强调在危机期间维护国家自主权与促进超国家合作之间的平衡,揭示非成员国参与策略的细微差别,从而丰富了关于自主权、欧盟危机管理、欧洲一体化和欧洲公共政策制定等方面的文献。 Este estudio ofrece nuevas perspectivas sobre cómo los Estados no miembros, estrechamente integrados, gestionan las tensiones entre autonomía y dependencia cuando se requieren respuestas políticas urgentes dentro de marcos supranacionales complejos. Para ello, explora cómo estos Estados no miembros ejercen su margen de maniobra —una subcategoría específica del concepto más amplio de autonomía— durante las crisis, centrándose en la participación inesperada de Noruega en la adquisición de vacunas de la UE como el mayor Estado del Espacio Económico Europeo. Empleando un marco institucionalista centrado en el actor y basándose en entrevistas cualitativas semiestructuradas y análisis documental, el artículo examina cómo las instituciones noruegas, condicionadas por las estructuras de la UE y dependientes de ellas, aprovecharon los esfuerzos diplomáticos estratégicos para afrontar los desafíos en la formulación de políticas y maximizar su autonomía en tiempos de crisis. Los hallazgos destacan los desafíos percibidos derivados de la no pertenencia a la UE y las respuestas estratégicas a nivel de actor para mitigarlos. El estudio de caso subraya cómo Noruega aprovechó las relaciones bilaterales para aumentar su influencia a pesar de las limitaciones institucionales. Al destacar el equilibrio entre la afirmación de la autonomía nacional y el fomento de la cooperación supranacional durante las crisis, y al revelar los matices de las estrategias de participación de los países no miembros, este estudio contribuye a la literatura sobre autonomía, gestión de crisis en la UE, integración europea y formulación de políticas públicas europeas.

Suggested Citation

  • Sjoerd Alexander de Winter, 2026. "Non‐Members in a Tight Spot: How Norway Navigated Autonomy in EU Pandemic Management," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 43(3), May.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:revpol:v:43:y:2026:i:3:n:e70071
    DOI: 10.1111/ropr.70071
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