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Policy Compliance Under Disagreement: The Joint Roles of Duty/Deterrence Beliefs, Symbolic Ideology, and Policy Environment

Author

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  • Jaeho Lee
  • Sangwon Ju
  • Byeong Jo Kim

Abstract

This study examines how citizens comply with government mandates when public disagreement with policy measures is high. Drawing on survey data from South Korea and the United States during the COVID‐19 pandemic, we test how two distinct belief systems—duty‐based and deterrence‐based—relate to compliance under disagreement, and how these relationships are conditioned by symbolic ideology and national policy environments. Results show that duty‐based beliefs reduce, while deterrence‐based beliefs increase, the degree of unwilling compliance. Symbolic ideology amplifies the effects of both beliefs, strengthening the negative association for duty and the positive association for deterrence. This amplification is more pronounced in the decentralized, low‐trust, individualistic U.S. context than in the centralized, high‐trust, collectivistic Korean context. These findings advance compliance research by theorizing “compliance under disagreement” as distinct from ordinary compliance, and by integrating motivational, identity, and contextual perspectives. They also underscore that identical coercive rules can evoke divergent compliance pathways across governance regimes, depending on how motivational beliefs and ideological cueing are embedded in policy environments. 本研究探讨了公民在对政策措施存在较大分歧时如何遵守政府指令。我们利用新冠疫情期间韩国和美国的调查数据,检验了两种截然不同的信念体系——基于义务和基于威慑——如何与分歧下的服从行为相关联,以及这些关联如何受到象征性意识形态和国家政策环境的影响。结果表明,基于义务的信念会降低非自愿服从的程度,而基于威慑的信念则会提高这种程度。象征性意识形态会放大这两种信念的影响,强化基于义务的信念的负面影响和基于威慑的信念的正面影响。这种放大效应在美国这种去中心化、低信任、个人主义的背景下比在韩国这种中心化、高信任、集体主义的背景下更为显著。这些发现通过将“分歧下的服从”理论化,并将其与普通服从区分开来,同时整合了动机、身份和情境视角,从而推进了服从研究。它们还强调,相同的强制性规则在不同的治理体系中会引发不同的服从路径,这取决于激励信念和意识形态暗示在政策环境中的嵌入方式。 Este estudio examina cómo los ciudadanos cumplen con los mandatos gubernamentales cuando el desacuerdo con las medidas políticas es alto. Basándonos en datos de encuestas de Corea del Sur y Estados Unidos durante la pandemia de COVID‐19, probamos cómo dos sistemas de creencias distintos, basados en el deber y basados en la disuasión, se relacionan con el cumplimiento en desacuerdo y cómo estas relaciones están condicionadas por la ideología simbólica y los entornos de política nacional. Los resultados muestran que las creencias basadas en el deber reducen, mientras que las creencias basadas en la disuasión aumentan el grado de cumplimiento involuntario. La ideología simbólica amplifica los efectos de ambas creencias, fortaleciendo la asociación negativa para el deber y la asociación positiva con la disuasión. Esta amplificación es más pronunciada en el contexto estadounidense descentralizado, de baja confianza e individualista que en el contexto coreano centralizado, de alta confianza y colectivista. Estos hallazgos hacen avanzar la investigación del cumplimiento al teorizar el “cumplimiento en desacuerdo” como distinto del cumplimiento ordinario y al integrar perspectivas motivacionales, de identidad y contextuales. También subrayan que normas coercitivas idénticas pueden generar vías de cumplimiento divergentes en los distintos regímenes de gobernanza, dependiendo de cómo se integren las creencias motivacionales y las pautas ideológicas en los entornos políticos.

Suggested Citation

  • Jaeho Lee & Sangwon Ju & Byeong Jo Kim, 2026. "Policy Compliance Under Disagreement: The Joint Roles of Duty/Deterrence Beliefs, Symbolic Ideology, and Policy Environment," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 43(2), March.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:revpol:v:43:y:2026:i:2:n:e70084
    DOI: 10.1111/ropr.70084
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