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Capacity‐Learning Paradox: How Hong Kong and Singapore's Crisis Responses Shape and Are Shaped by Policy Capacities

Author

Listed:
  • Shubham Sharma
  • Xun Wu
  • Gleb Papyshev

Abstract

This study examines the paradoxical relationship between policy learning and capacity: governments need certain capacities to learn effectively, yet these same capacities often emerge from previous learning experiences. Through a comparative analysis of Hong Kong and Singapore's responses to SARS and COVID‐19, we demonstrate how policy learning requires and manifests as enhanced analytical, operational, and political capacities. Our research reveals three key findings. First, learning outcomes materialize as enhanced capacities rather than just cognitive shifts and accumulated knowledge, as evidenced by both cities' institutional developments following SARS. Second, the effectiveness of learning processes depends heavily on existing capacities, particularly political capacity, which enables or constrains the deployment of analytical capacities. Third, capacity development is not linear—while both cities addressed many capacity gaps identified during SARS, COVID‐19 exposed new vulnerabilities in areas like cross‐border coordination and inclusive crisis management. These findings advance theoretical understanding of policy learning by showing how it manifests through changes in capacities. They also highlight the interdependence of different capacity types, particularly how political capacity enables or constrains the effectiveness of analytical and operational capabilities. For practitioners, our analysis emphasizes the importance of balanced capacity development and maintaining strong political trust alongside technical capabilities for effective crisis management. 本研究分析了政策学习与能力之间的矛盾关系:政府需要具备某些能力才能有效学习, 而这些能力往往源于以往的学习经验。通过对香港和新加坡在非典(SARS)和新冠肺炎(COVID‐19)方面的响应措施进行比较分析, 我们揭示了政策学习如何需要并体现为增强的分析能力、操作能力和政治能力。我们的研究得出三个关键发现。第一, 学习成果体现为能力的提升, 而不仅仅是认知转变和知识积累, 正如这两个城市在非典之后的制度发展所证明的那样。第二, 学习过程的有效性在很大程度上取决于现有能力, 尤其是政治能力, 这既能促进也能限制分析能力的部署。第三, 能力发展并非是线性的—虽然这两个城市都弥补了非典期间发现的许多能力差距, 但新冠肺炎疫情暴露了跨境协调和包容性危机管理等领域的新弱点。这些发现通过展示政策学习如何通过能力的变化体现出来, 从而推进了对政策学习的理论理解。研究发现还强调了不同能力类型之间的相互依存关系;尤其是政治能力如何促进或限制分析能力和行动能力的有效性。对于实践者而言, 我们的分析强调了“平衡的能力发展、以及在技术能力之外维持牢固的政治信任”一事对于有效危机管理的重要性。 Este estudio examina la relación paradójica entre el aprendizaje de políticas y la capacidad: los gobiernos necesitan ciertas capacidades para aprender eficazmente, pero estas mismas capacidades a menudo surgen de experiencias de aprendizaje previas. Mediante un análisis comparativo de las respuestas de Hong Kong y Singapur al SARS y la COVID‐19, demostramos cómo el aprendizaje de políticas requiere y se manifiesta en capacidades analíticas, operativas y políticas mejoradas. Nuestra investigación revela tres hallazgos clave. En primer lugar, los resultados del aprendizaje se materializan en capacidades mejoradas, en lugar de simples cambios cognitivos y conocimiento acumulado, como lo demuestra el desarrollo institucional de ambas ciudades tras el SARS. En segundo lugar, la eficacia de los procesos de aprendizaje depende en gran medida de las capacidades existentes, en particular la capacidad política, que facilita o limita el despliegue de capacidades analíticas. En tercer lugar, el desarrollo de capacidades no es lineal: si bien ambas ciudades abordaron muchas deficiencias de capacidad identificadas durante el SARS, la COVID‐19 expuso nuevas vulnerabilidades en áreas como la coordinación transfronteriza y la gestión inclusiva de crisis. Estos hallazgos amplían la comprensión teórica del aprendizaje de políticas al mostrar cómo se manifiesta a través de cambios en las capacidades. También destacan la interdependencia de los diferentes tipos de capacidad; en particular, cómo la capacidad política facilita o limita la eficacia de las capacidades analíticas y operativas. Para los profesionales, nuestro análisis enfatiza la importancia de un desarrollo equilibrado de capacidades y de mantener una fuerte confianza política junto con las capacidades técnicas para una gestión eficaz de las crisis.

Suggested Citation

  • Shubham Sharma & Xun Wu & Gleb Papyshev, 2026. "Capacity‐Learning Paradox: How Hong Kong and Singapore's Crisis Responses Shape and Are Shaped by Policy Capacities," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 43(2), March.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:revpol:v:43:y:2026:i:2:n:e70033
    DOI: 10.1111/ropr.70033
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