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Managing Risk, Reinforcing Environmental Racism: The Biopolitics of Pesticide Regulation in California Agriculture

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  • Kaitlyn Alvarez Noli

Abstract

This paper provides a retrospective on California's oversight of 1,3‐dichloropropene (1,3‐D). It utilizes archival documents, including internal memos, emails, and risk assessments, to demonstrate how the state's Department of Pesticide Regulation consistently expanded allowable 1,3‐D use while presenting each policy change as scientifically justified. The findings indicate that regulators depended on industry modeling, adopted exposure assumptions that minimized short‐term spikes and refused to implement stricter standards recommended by public health agencies. These adjustments, which were often portrayed as protective reforms, ultimately preserved longstanding racial and economic disparities. The article illustrates, with historical depth, how risk governance can evolve over time through waivers, revised thresholds, and technical justifications—steps that maintain pesticide‐intensive production despite ongoing harms. In policy terms, this study emphasizes the necessity for regulatory processes that demand stronger cumulative exposure analyses and guarantee transparent public oversight. By tracing how governance tools transformed to address increasing scrutiny while preserving industry access to hazardous pesticides, the paper illustrates how pesticide regulation can become a means of environmental racism. This situation calls for robust protections and the inclusion of marginalized communities in decision making. 本文回顾了加州对1,3‐二氯丙烯(1,3‐D)的监管。本文利用档案文件,包括内部备忘录、电子邮件和风险评估,揭示了该州农药监管部门如何在持续扩大1,3‐D的允许使用量的同时将每一项政策变革视为是科学合理的。研究结果表明,监管机构依赖行业建模,采用了那些对短期峰值加以最小化的暴露假设,并拒绝执行由公共卫生机构建议的更严格标准。这些调整通常被描绘成保护性改革,最终却维护了长期存在的种族差异和经济差异。本文从历史视角阐述了风险治理如何通过豁免、修订阈值和技术论证(即在危害持续存在的情况下维持农药密集型生产)的方式随时间推移而演变。从政策角度来看,本研究强调了监管过程的必要性,这些过程要求更严格的累积暴露分析,并确保公众监督的透明性。通过追踪治理工具如何转型以应对日益严格的审查,同时又保留企业获得危险农药的渠道,本文阐明了农药监管如何成为环境种族主义的手段。这种情况需要强有力的保护措施,并将边缘群体纳入决策。 Este artículo ofrece una retrospectiva de la supervisión del 1,3‐dicloropropeno (1,3‐D) en California. Utiliza documentos de archivo, incluyendo memorandos internos, correos electrónicos y evaluaciones de riesgos, para demostrar cómo el Departamento de Regulación de Pesticidas del estado amplió sistemáticamente el uso permitido de 1,3‐D, presentando cada cambio de política como científicamente justificado. Los hallazgos indican que los reguladores se basaron en modelos de la industria, adoptaron supuestos de exposición que minimizaron los picos a corto plazo y se negaron a implementar estándares más estrictos recomendados por las agencias de salud pública. Estos ajustes, que a menudo se presentaron como reformas proteccionistas, finalmente preservaron las disparidades raciales y económicas de larga data. El artículo ilustra, con profundidad histórica, cómo la gobernanza del riesgo puede evolucionar con el tiempo mediante exenciones, umbrales revisados y justificaciones técnicas: medidas que mantienen la producción intensiva en pesticidas a pesar de los daños persistentes. En términos de políticas, este estudio enfatiza la necesidad de procesos regulatorios que exijan análisis más sólidos de la exposición acumulada y garanticen una supervisión pública transparente. Al analizar cómo las herramientas de gobernanza se transformaron para abordar el creciente escrutinio y, al mismo tiempo, preservar el acceso de la industria a plaguicidas peligrosos, el artículo ilustra cómo la regulación de plaguicidas puede convertirse en un medio de racismo ambiental. Esta situación exige protecciones sólidas y la inclusión de las comunidades marginadas en la toma de decisiones.

Suggested Citation

  • Kaitlyn Alvarez Noli, 2025. "Managing Risk, Reinforcing Environmental Racism: The Biopolitics of Pesticide Regulation in California Agriculture," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 42(6), pages 1509-1524, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:revpol:v:42:y:2025:i:6:p:1509-1524
    DOI: 10.1111/ropr.70038
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