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Accounting for Structural Change in Climate Policy Research: Lessons From Global Commodities Markets

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  • Sasha Breger Bush

Abstract

Positioning them as risk management tools, policy scholars and pundits often suggest that well‐crafted climate legislation can help societies manage and mitigate the environmental costs and harms associated with burning oil, coal, and natural gas, as well as the risks associated with (over)reliance on capricious and sometimes hostile foreign suppliers. Central to this risk management proposition are alternative energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydropower, and the “green” technologies that allow us to produce, distribute, and consume them. Yet, much like the oil, gas, and coal driven technologies they are intended to replace, green technologies also have materials requirements and obtaining the necessary raw materials also involves environmental and geopolitical risks. While policy scholars rightly consider the costs and insecurities associated with dependence on “fossil fuels”, including rising greenhouse gas emissions levels, climate change, and energy insecurity, less attention is typically paid to the other primary commodities and global marketplaces upon which climate policy impact depends. Thinking about the impact of climate policy interventions on distributions of environmental and geopolitical risk requires simultaneous consideration of many different markets at once, not only oil, gas, and coal, but also tungsten, aluminum, lithium, copper, and scores of other metals and minerals used to fabricate green technologies. 政策学者和专家将气候立法定位为风险管理工具, 并经常认为精心制定的气候立法能帮助社会管理和减轻与燃烧石油、煤炭和天然气相关的环境成本和危害, 并减轻与“(过度)依赖反复无常、有时甚至充满敌意的外国供应商”相关的风险。这一风险管理主张的核心是替代性能源, 例如太阳能、风能和水力发电, 以及使我们能够生产、分配和消费这些能源的“绿色”技术。然而, 与它们旨在取代的石油、天然气和煤炭驱动技术一样¸绿色技术也需要材料, 而获取必要的原材料也涉及环境风险和地缘政治风险。虽然政策学者正确地考虑了“化石燃料”依赖所带来的成本和不安全因素¸包括温室气体排放水平上升、气候变化和能源不安全¸但通常较少关注气候政策影响所依赖的其他主要商品和全球市场。思考气候政策干预对环境风险和地缘政治风险分布的影响, 需要同时考虑许多不同的市场, 不仅包括石油、天然气和煤炭, 还包括钨、铝、锂、铜以及用于制造绿色技术的许多其他金属和矿物。 Al posicionarlas como herramientas de gestión de riesgos, los académicos y expertos en políticas públicas suelen sugerir que una legislación climática bien elaborada puede ayudar a las sociedades a gestionar y mitigar los costos y daños ambientales asociados con la quema de petróleo, carbón y gas natural, así como los riesgos asociados con la (excesiva) dependencia de proveedores extranjeros caprichosos y, a veces, hostiles. En el centro de esta propuesta de gestión de riesgos se encuentran las fuentes de energía alternativas, como la solar, la eólica y la hidroeléctrica, y las tecnologías “verdes” que nos permiten producirlas, distribuirlas y consumirlas. Sin embargo, al igual que las tecnologías impulsadas por el petróleo, el gas y el carbón que pretenden reemplazar, las tecnologías verdes también requieren materiales, y la obtención de las materias primas necesarias también implica riesgos ambientales y geopolíticos. Si bien los académicos de políticas consideran acertadamente los costos y las inseguridades asociados con la dependencia de los combustibles fósiles, incluyendo el aumento de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, el cambio climático y la inseguridad energética, se suele prestar menos atención a los demás productos básicos y mercados globales de los que depende el impacto de las políticas climáticas. Reflexionar sobre el impacto de las intervenciones de política climática en la distribución del riesgo ambiental y geopolítico requiere la consideración simultánea de numerosos mercados diferentes, no solo del petróleo, el gas y el carbón, sino también del tungsteno, el aluminio, el litio, el cobre y numerosos otros metales y minerales utilizados para la fabricación de tecnologías verdes.

Suggested Citation

  • Sasha Breger Bush, 2025. "Accounting for Structural Change in Climate Policy Research: Lessons From Global Commodities Markets," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 42(6), pages 1463-1479, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:revpol:v:42:y:2025:i:6:p:1463-1479
    DOI: 10.1111/ropr.70024
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