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Public‐private or public‐public? Exploring factors affecting private participation in China's public‐private partnerships

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  • Shikun Qin
  • Jerry Zhirong Zhao

Abstract

Public‐private partnerships (PPPs) in China rose sharply after 2014. However, there are growing concerns regarding the predominance of state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) as partners of PPP projects. The participation of private companies in China's PPP has been decreasing in recent years despite the promotion of the national government. Based on the transaction cost theory, we construct an explanatory framework of private participation that contains government, market, transactional context, and project dimensions. Employing a city‐level panel data containing rich information about partner structure, our analysis shows that strong government capacity and credibility, active local private sector, and proximity both geographically and politically to the national power center promote private participation. In addition, projects with lower investment levels and longer duration tend to have higher private participation. Our findings offer insights into enhancing private infrastructure investment, relevant for both neoliberal and non‐liberal countries facing budget constraints. 2014年后,中国的政府和社会资本合作(PPP)数量急剧上升。然而,越来越多的关切聚焦于国有企业(SOE)作为PPP项目合作伙伴的主导地位。近年来,尽管存在国家政府的推动,但私营企业在中国PPP中的参与度一直在下降。基于交易成本理论,我们建构了一个包含政府、市场、交易环境和项目维度的私人参与解释框架。利用一项包含大量合作伙伴结构信息的城市面板数据,我们的分析表明,强大的政府能力和信誉、活跃的当地私营部门、以及在地理和政治上与国家权力中心的接近度促进了私人参与。此外,投资水平较低、持续时间较长的项目往往有更高的私人参与度。我们的研究结果为“加强私人基础设施投资”一事提供了见解,对于面临预算约束的新自由主义国家和非自由主义国家都具有相关性。 Las asociaciones público‐privadas (APP) en China aumentaron marcadamente después de 2014. Sin embargo, existe una creciente preocupación por el predominio de las empresas estatales (EPE) como socios de proyectos de APP. La participación de empresas privadas en las APP de China ha disminuido en los últimos años a pesar de la promoción del gobierno nacional. Basándonos en la teoría de los costos de transacción, construimos un marco explicativo de la participación privada que contiene dimensiones de gobierno, mercado, contexto transaccional y proyecto. Empleando un panel de datos a nivel de ciudad que contiene abundante información sobre la estructura de los socios, nuestro análisis muestra que la fuerte capacidad y credibilidad del gobierno, el activo sector privado local y la proximidad geográfica y política al centro de poder nacional promueven la participación privada. Además, los proyectos con un nivel de inversión más bajo y una duración más larga tienden a tener una mayor participación privada. Nuestros hallazgos ofrecen ideas para mejorar la inversión privada en infraestructura, relevante tanto para los países neoliberales como para los no liberales que enfrentan restricciones presupuestarias.

Suggested Citation

  • Shikun Qin & Jerry Zhirong Zhao, 2025. "Public‐private or public‐public? Exploring factors affecting private participation in China's public‐private partnerships," Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 42(3), pages 711-735, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:revpol:v:42:y:2025:i:3:p:711-735
    DOI: 10.1111/ropr.70001
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