Author
Abstract
In April 2023, the EU institutions finally adopted an innovative international climate policy instrument: the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). As the long and winding road to a CBAM has included significant EU‐internal and EU‐external opposition, a “shifting Multi‐Level Reinforcement” (MLR) perspective is helpful for understanding this development. When France assumed initial leadership from 2007, skepticism to the WTO, generous amounts of free allowances, combined with a low carbon price, provided a strong oppositional force. Then, influential elements in the European Parliament called for a carbon border tax, which was subsequently included as a central ingredient in the “Fit for 55” package launched by the Commission, In the decisionmaking process, leadership involving all the previous forces resulted in an institutional reinforcement dynamic strong enough to counter EU‐internal as well as EU‐external challenges and ‘turbulence’. This case shows the relevance of an updated MLR perspective for understanding also other EU processes, taking into account the growing role of both policy packages and trilogues as decisionmaking tools, indicating a possible strengthened role for the Commission also in the decisionmaking phase. 2023年4月,欧盟机构终于通过了一项创新的国际气候政策工具:碳边境调节机制(CBAM)。鉴于通往CBAM的道路漫长而曲折(其中包括欧盟内外部的强烈反对),采用“变化的多层强化”(MLR)视角有助于理解这一发展。当法国从2007年起提出最初的概念时,对世贸组织的怀疑、大量的免费配额以及低碳价格形成了强大的反对力量。随后,欧洲议会中的影响力人士呼吁征收碳边境税,该税随后被纳入欧盟委员会推出的“Fit for 55”一揽子计划的核心内容。在决策过程中,包括以往努力在内的主导势力形成了一种制度性的强化机制,其足以应对欧盟内外部的挑战和“动荡”。本案例表明了新的MLR视角与“理解其他欧盟过程”一事的相关性,衡量了政策一揽子计划和三方会谈(trilogue)作为决策工具而发挥的越来越强的作用,表明了欧盟委员会在决策阶段的作用也可能得到加强。. En abril de 2023, las instituciones de la UE finalmente adoptaron un innovador instrumento de política climática internacional: el Mecanismo de Ajuste en Frontera de Carbono (CBAM). Dado que el largo y tortuoso camino hacia un CBAM ha incluido una importante oposición interna y externa de la UE, una perspectiva de “refuerzo multinivel cambiante” (MLR) es útil para comprender este desarrollo. Cuando Francia asumió el liderazgo inicial en 2007, el escepticismo hacia la OMC, las generosas cantidades de derechos de emisión gratuitos, combinados con un bajo precio del carbono, proporcionaron una fuerte fuerza de oposición. Luego, elementos influyentes en el Parlamento Europeo pidieron un impuesto fronterizo al carbono, que posteriormente se incluyó como ingrediente central en el paquete “Fit for 55” lanzado por la Comisión. En el proceso de toma de decisiones, el liderazgo que involucró a todas las fuerzas anteriores dio como resultado un acuerdo institucional. dinámica de refuerzo lo suficientemente fuerte como para contrarrestar los desafíos y las “turbulencias” tanto internas como externas de la UE. Este caso muestra la relevancia de una perspectiva MLR actualizada para comprender también otros procesos de la UE, teniendo en cuenta el papel cada vez mayor de los paquetes de políticas y los diálogos tripartitos como herramientas de toma de decisiones, lo que indica un posible papel reforzado de la Comisión también en la fase de toma de decisiones.
Suggested Citation
Jørgen Wettestad, 2025.
"The EU's carbon border adjustment mechanism: Shaped and saved by shifting multi‐level reinforcement?,"
Review of Policy Research, Policy Studies Organization, vol. 42(3), pages 508-529, May.
Handle:
RePEc:bla:revpol:v:42:y:2025:i:3:p:508-529
DOI: 10.1111/ropr.12597
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