On the differential geometry of smooth ruled surfaces in 4‐space

A smooth ruled surface in 4‐space has only parabolic points or inflection points of the real type. We show, by means of contact with transverse planes, that at a parabolic point, there exist two tangent directions determining two planes along which the parallel projection exhibits A$\mathcal {A}$‐singularities of type butterfly or worse. In particular, such parabolic points can be classified as butterfly hyperbolic, parabolic, or elliptic points depending on the value of the discriminant of a binary differential equation (BDE). Also, whenever such discriminant is positive, we ensure that the integral curves of these directions form a pair of foliations on the ruled surface. Moreover, the set of points that nullify the discriminant is a regular curve transverse to the regular curve formed by inflection points of the real type. Finally, using a particular projective transformation, we obtain a simple parametrization of the ruled surface such that the moduli of its 5‐jet identify a butterfly hyperbolic/parabolic/elliptic point, as well as we get the stable configurations of the solutions of BDE in the discriminant curve.