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Marginality, Again?!

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  • TERESA P.R. CALDEIRA

Abstract

This essay critically engages with the book Urban Outcasts — A Comparative Sociology of Advanced Marginality by Loïc Wacquant. In this book, studying poor neighborhoods in the United States and France in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Wacquant argues that a new socio‐economic configuration marked by dualization and polarization of the city and of the class structure has been formed in these metropolises as a result of structural shifts resulting from the breakdown of the Fordist regime and the recoiling of the welfare state. He calls ‘advanced marginality’ the new regime marked by a new form of urban poverty that makes part of the working classes ‘redundant’. This essay highlights the similarities between Wacquant's arguments and those of the theory of marginality of the 1960s and 1970s, which has been criticized and abandoned in Latin America. It also interrogates Wacquant's argument that advanced marginality is what will represent the future of metropolises everywhere, by introducing the case of Brazilian peripheries and asking questions about the increase of violence in poor neighborhoods. Résumé Ce texte examine sous un angle critique l'ouvrage de Loïc Wacquant, Urban Outcasts – A Comparative Sociology of Advanced Marginality (Parias urbains – Ghettos, banlieues, État). Dans son étude des quartiers pauvres aux États‐Unis et en France entre la fin des années 1980 et le début des années 1990, Wacquant affirme qu'une nouvelle configuration socio‐économique marquée par une dualisation et une polarisation de la ville et de la structure de classe s'est formée dans ces métropoles du fait de transformations structurelles issues de l'effondrement du système fordiste et du recul de l'État‐providence. Il désigne par ‘marginalité avancée’ le nouveau régime caractérisé par une forme nouvelle de pauvreté urbaine qui rend ‘inutile’ une partie de la classe ouvrière. Ce texte souligne les similarités entre les arguments de Wacquant et ceux de la théorie de la marginalité, développée dans les années 1960–1970 puis critiquée et abandonnée en Amérique latine. Il revient aussi sur l'argument de Wacquant selon lequel, partout, la marginalité avancée constituera l'avenir des métropoles, en présentant le cas de périphéries au Brésil et en posant la question de l'accroissement de la violence dans les quartiers pauvres.

Suggested Citation

  • Teresa P.R. Caldeira, 2009. "Marginality, Again?!," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(3), pages 848-853, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:ijurrs:v:33:y:2009:i:3:p:848-853
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00923.x
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