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Gramsci, Polanyi and Impressions from Africa on the Social Forum Phenomenon

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  • PATRICK BOND

Abstract

The rise of the Social Forum phenomenon has been heartily welcomed, partly so as to unite diverse discourses of anti‐neoliberal and anti‐imperialist resistance under a common banner. There are debates worth flagging, however, that draw our attention to political philosophies (typically binary statist versus anti‐statist disputes), visions of agency (typically networked movements versus parties), and potentials for revolutionary processes to emerge within ‘civil society’. In the spirit of Polanyi, many South Africans and other Africans are working on ‘decommodification’ strategies that range from particular sites of project‐level struggles to national, regional and international advocacy. But we must be conscious, as well, of warnings by Gramsci about the long march through a civil society often co‐opted to support state and neoliberal projects. The merits of African intellectual engagements with radical social movements have been shown in sites such as South African cities, but the African Social Forum awaits further opportunities to welcome allied researchers and academics. As the World Social Forum comes to Africa in 2007, Marcuse’s hope that the constituent movements begin to coalesce around a program is timely. However, this is likely to emanate more from intra‐sectoral networks rather than from multidisciplinary moments such as the WSF itself. La montée du phénomène des Forums sociaux a été accueillie chaleureusement, en partie comme manière d’unifier sous un même drapeau les multiples discours de la résistance anti‐néolibérale et anti‐impérialiste. Certains débats éminents attirent pourtant l’attention sur des philosophies politiques (généralement des oppositions binaires étatistes/anti‐étatistes), des visions de l’intermédiation (en général, mouvements interconnectés/partis) et des processus révolutionnaires susceptibles de naître au sein de ‘la société civile’. Dans l’esprit de Polanyi, nombre d’Africains, du Sud et d’ailleurs, s’emploient à des stratégies de ‘démarchandisation’ couvrant à la fois sites de conflit particuliers liés à un projet et plaidoyers aux niveaux national, régional et international. Toutefois, il ne faut pas oublier les avertissements de Gramsci pour qui la longue marche passant par la société civile risquait d’être cooptée afin de soutenir des projets gouvernementaux ou néolibéraux. Si les engagements d’intellectuels africains aux côtés de mouvement sociaux radiaux se sont révélés bénéfiques dans des cas tels que les villes d’Afrique du Sud, le Forum social africain espère d’autres occasions de rallier chercheurs et universitaires. Comme le Forum social mondial se tiendra en Afrique en 2007, l’espoir de Marcuse — de voir les mouvements constitutifs s’unir progressivement autour d’un programme — est d’actualité. Cependant, cette évolution viendra plus probablement de réseaux intra‐sectoriels que d’élans multidisciplinaires comme le FSM.

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  • Patrick Bond, 2005. "Gramsci, Polanyi and Impressions from Africa on the Social Forum Phenomenon," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(2), pages 433-440, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:ijurrs:v:29:y:2005:i:2:p:433-440
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2005.00596.x
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    Cited by:

    1. Nina Martin, 2011. "Toward a New Countermovement: A Framework for Interpreting the Contradictory Interventions of Migrant Civil Society Organizations in Urban Labor Markets," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 43(12), pages 2934-2952, December.
    2. Pascale Dufour, 2016. "Why Local Social Forums Emerge Where They do: Beyond Diffusion, Geographical Appropriation," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(2), pages 357-377, March.

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