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Local autonomy, bond–rating agencies and neoliberal urbanism in the United States

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  • Jason Hackworth

Abstract

The influence of bond–rating agencies on local autonomy is explored in light of recent research which views autonomy not as the degree of separation from the global economy, but rather as the nature of the interaction that places have with the wider politico–economic sphere. Based on the recent experience of American cities, it appears that the activities of rating agencies influence local autonomy more so now than during the immediate postwar period for three interrelated reasons. First, the governing turn away from federally–organized Keynesianism has transferred certain responsibilities to localities that are often funded with debt. Localities are thus more reliant on capital markets and the decisions that determine their access to such markets. Second, an increased presence of institutional investors in the municipal bond market has strengthened the investment–grade threshold because such investors are legally prohibited from holding a high percentage of speculative securities. Localities with speculative–grade debt are less able to sell their bonds than before. Third, commercial banks and locally–based lenders, which used to lend more frequently to cities (based on their own market research), are less involved in municipal debt markets than before. The knowledge vacuum created by their exit has been filled by the only other reputable sources on municipal credit: bond–rating agencies. Des recherches récentes montrent que l’autonomie locale ne se mesure pas en termes de séparation de l’économie globale mais à partir de l’interaction entre des localités et la sphère politico–économique au sens large. Dans cette perspective, l’article analyse l’influence des agences financières sur l’autonomie locale. A partir de l’expérience récente des villes américaines, il apparaît que les activités de ces agences de notation ont beaucoup plus d’influence sur l’autonomie locale que dans l’immédiate après guerre et ce pour trois raisons. Premièrement, en se détournant du keynésianisme organisé au niveau fédéral, le gouvernement a transféré des responsabilités aux localités qui sont souvent financées par la dette. Deuxièmement, le rôle accru des investisseurs institutionnels sur le marché de la dette des municipalités a renforcé le poids des notations et de seuils de risque car ces investisseurs n’ont légalement pas le droit de détenir un pourcentage élevé de titres à risque. Par conséquent, les localités dont la dette est considérée comme relevant du domaine de la spéculation sont moins capables d’émettre du papier. Troisièmement, les banques commerciales et les prêteurs locaux sont aujourd’hui moins impliqués sur ce marché. La perte de connaissance et d’information créée par leur départ a été compensée par la seule autre source fiable sur les finances municipales: la agences de notation financière.

Suggested Citation

  • Jason Hackworth, 2002. "Local autonomy, bond–rating agencies and neoliberal urbanism in the United States," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(4), pages 707-725, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:ijurrs:v:26:y:2002:i:4:p:707-725
    DOI: 10.1111/1468-2427.00412
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    Cited by:

    1. Sara Safransky, 2020. "Geographies of Algorithmic Violence: Redlining the Smart City," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 44(2), pages 200-218, March.
    2. Philip Ashton & Marc Doussard & Rachel Weber, 2016. "Reconstituting the state: City powers and exposures in Chicago’s infrastructure leases," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 53(7), pages 1384-1400, May.
    3. Peter O’Brien & Andy Pike, 2019. "‘Deal or no deal?’ Governing urban infrastructure funding and financing in the UK City Deals," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 56(7), pages 1448-1476, May.
    4. Ludovic Halbert & Katia Attuyer, 2016. "Introduction: The financialisation of urban production: Conditions, mediations and transformations," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 53(7), pages 1347-1361, May.
    5. Morag I. Torrance, 2008. "Forging Glocal Governance? Urban Infrastructures as Networked Financial Products," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(1), pages 1-21, March.

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