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From farms to tables: Quantifying the effect of emissions pricing on Canadian food prices

Author

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  • Trevor Tombe
  • Jennifer Winter

Abstract

We examine the effect of emissions pricing on the cost of Canadian food. We describe emissions pricing policies relevant to the agriculture and food sectors and the differing design details of various provincial systems and the federal Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act. To quantify the potential effect of such policies, we use a detailed input‐output model of Canada's economy to estimate both the direct and indirect cost increases across sectors. We also explore how exemptions and policy design can mitigate what would otherwise be larger effects. In particular, imported inputs, generous exemptions for most direct emissions in primary agriculture, and special provisions for large industrial emitters all dampen the effect. Overall, we find that emissions pricing at $80 per tonne could potentially increase the cost of domestically produced food by approximately 0.8% on average. Combined with imported food that is not directly affected by emissions pricing, we find an average effect of approximately 0.5%. While we abstract from general equilibrium responses, our analysis suggests emissions pricing in Canada has only a modest effect on food costs. Nous examinons l'effet de la tarification des émissions sur le coût des aliments au Canada. Nous décrivons les politiques de tarification des émissions pertinentes pour les secteurs de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation ainsi que les différents détails de conception des divers systèmes provinciaux et de la Loi sur la tarification de la pollution par les gaz à effet de serre du gouvernement fédéral. Pour quantifier l'impact potentiel de ces politiques, nous utilisons un modèle entrées‐sorties détaillé de l'économie canadienne afin d'estimer à la fois les augmentations directes et indirectes des coûts à travers les secteurs. Nous explorons également comment les exemptions et la conception des politiques peuvent atténuer ce qui serait autrement des effets plus importants. En particulier, les intrants importés, les exemptions généreuses pour la plupart des émissions directes dans l'agriculture primaire et les dispositions spéciales pour les grands émetteurs industriels atténuent tous l'effet. Globalement, nous constatons que la tarification des émissions à 80 $ par tonne pourrait potentiellement augmenter le coût des aliments produits au Canada d'environ 0,8 % en moyenne. Combiné avec les aliments importés qui ne sont pas directement affectés par la tarification des émissions, nous trouvons un effet moyen d'environ 0,5 %. Bien que nous abstrayions des réponses en équilibre général, notre analyse suggère que la tarification des émissions au Canada n'a qu'un effet modeste sur les coûts alimentaires.

Suggested Citation

  • Trevor Tombe & Jennifer Winter, 2025. "From farms to tables: Quantifying the effect of emissions pricing on Canadian food prices," Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, Canadian Agricultural Economics Society/Societe canadienne d'agroeconomie, vol. 73(4), pages 358-384, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:canjag:v:73:y:2025:i:4:p:358-384
    DOI: 10.1111/cjag.12383
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